Identifying Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer
The Impact of Smoking on Bladder Health
One of the principal risk factors for bladder cancer is smoking. Toxic substances from tobacco products are expelled from the body through urine, potentially harming the bladder's inner lining and elevating cancer risk.
Age-Related Susceptibility
As individuals grow older, their susceptibility to bladder cancer increases. The majority of bladder cancer cases occur in those over 55, although it can manifest at any age.
Gender Disparities in Risk
Statistics show that males are more prone to bladder cancer than females. Females, on the other hand, tend to be diagnosed with advanced diseases as they present later.
Occupational Chemical Exposure
Exposure to certain industrial chemicals, due to their processing through the kidneys and accumulation in the bladder, is linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer. Notable chemicals include arsenic and those used in manufacturing dyes, rubber, leather, textiles, and paints.
Previous Cancer Treatments and Their Consequences
People who have had medical treatments in the past, like cyclophosphamide treatment or radiation therapy to the pelvic area, are more likely to get bladder cancer.
Chronic Inflammation and Bladder Cancer
Persistent bladder infections or inflammations, often in conjunction with long-term urinary catheter use, can lead to squamous cell bladder cancer. A specific type of chronic inflammation due to schistosomiasis is known to be linked to this form of cancer in certain regions.
Recognising Early Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
Hematuria: The Primary Indicator
The presence of visible blood in the urine, causing it to appear red or cola-coloured, is a common early sign, though sometimes blood is only detectable through clinical analysis.
Changes in Urinary Habits
An increased frequency of urination or a sudden urgency to urinate can be indicative of bladder cancer.
Discomfort During Urination
Experiencing pain or discomfort during urination, known as dysuria, may also be an early symptom.
Diagnostic Procedures for Bladder Cancer
Cystoscopy: The Initial Examination
Doctors can inspect the bladder internally using a cystoscope, a flexible instrument with a camera. This can be performed either in an outpatient setting or within a hospital.
What Imaging Techniques
Imaging tests such as MRI bladder, CT chest, abdomen, and pelvis with urograms and PET scans may be utilised to further evaluate the cancer.
Tissue Sampling and TURBT
A biopsy during cystoscopy, or a transurethral resection of a bladder tumour (TURBT), or ThuLa or en Bloc allows for tissue examination without abdominal incisions.
Preventative Strategies Against Bladder Cancer
The Role of Lifestyle Choices
While there are no guaranteed methods to prevent bladder cancer, certain lifestyle modifications can reduce the risk:
Smoking Cessation
Seeking medical advice to quit smoking through medications and support groups is advised.
Chemical Safety in the Workplace
Adhering strictly to safety protocols when handling carcinogenic chemicals is essential.
Dietary Considerations
Adopting a Mediterranean diet, which is abundant in fruits and vegetables, may contribute to a lower risk due to the antioxidants in these foods.
